Organs of speech .Airstream mechanism

           For the production of speech sounds the air comes up from the lungs pass through Glottis and is release through Mouth or Nose when the air is to taken in and stored in lungs is called Inegressive process, the mechanism of giving out of the air from the lungs in called Egressive. The manner of releasing the air out is Pulmonice aspect.

Organs of speech :

          Various organ in our body convert the air stream into speech sound are called organs of speech.

For example :

The lung, the Vocal Cords (Glottis),  the teeth and upper and lower lip are the organs of speech. There are some other organeses hard Palate , soft palate, the Tongue, tongue body, tongue blade and  tongue roots it's part of tongues and vocal cords, or vocal folds  and the larynx  their organs of speech. Active or passive role in the production of speech sound

Larynx 

Approaches of Literary Criticism and Types of Literary Criticism ?

        Approaches of Literary Criticism and Types of Literary Criticism ?

 b

      Literary criticism in the first twentieth century as another gone a see changes in it Nature , Objective , Methods approaches and function it as another gone several revision recreation with Biographical approaches . The new theory of language images from linguistic and the methods of analyses of literary criticism . There are literary criticism gave way to several extra disciplinary exploration in to language and literature. These exploration cam to be knows as literary theory .

           Literary Criticism is interpretative in Nature and it all way searches for the meaning of the work . Literary theory on the other hand do not look for meaning but from textual aspect that means the meaning impossible . Literary criticism is Biographical , Historical and Psychological approaches ware as literary theory . The approaches consist of many term and methods are represent

      Following are same  approaches of literary criticism and same types of literary criticism

☆ Biographical Approaches :-

                            It is one of the oldest an

d best establishes methods of literary study it is the study of literature as a reflection of it Author’s life and personality or the life and personality of the characters in the work . Its study of the author’s biography with reference or the work , Art and vice verses . In the Biographical approaches Author’s more important . The Biographical approaches follow that the meaning of the work can be best explen in term of the life and personality details of the writer and triest to examin the meaning of the literary work in the life’s of these details .

☆ Subjective Biographical Approaches :-

            Subjective Biographical Approaches. means the study of the Author’s life and personality . It is study of Author’s Biography with reference or his works It is the study of the study of the writer’s life and time , In the biographical approaches seen his life style and details of his works . These approaches follow several times honoured assumptions about the nature and function of literary production . “ Literary work is the creation of a writer and hence a certain understanding of the writer’s life and personality can be seen as an essential requirement for a proper understanding of the meaning of the work “ These approaches seeks the origin of the work in the life and personality of writer and some time equates the origin of the work with the originality of the writer the proponents of this method refuse to see art as a dehumanized or dehumanizing activity but emphasize the crucial role of the artist and any artistic production .

                                                                          EXAMPLE  :-

          Romantic poet [ Period ] who writes about himself and his innermost feeling .

      William Wordsworth  :-  Prelude

      John Milton             :-  On his blindness

          The anguish of the poet and his efforts at seeking a religious solace appear meaningful when the reader considers the biographical details of Milton and Wordsworth

Objective Biographical approaches :-

                      In the objective Biographical approaches study of the particular work . In the objective biographical approaches study particular text , Images , Diction , Style and particular language of the work . The second type of writers demand a biographical understanding of the work even in the case of objective poets a certain kind of knowledge of the writer life . We cannot fully dispose of the problem of personality of literature .

            Thus the Biographical approach came under serious suspicion and scrutiny in the twentieth century . New criticism has been antagonistic to this approach . In became hostile to biographical approach . Roland Barthes , for instance , declares the death of author

Psychological Approaches :-

                  Psychological Approaches to literature could mean several things . It could mean the psychological study of the writer as types and as individual or the study of the creative process or the study of the psychological types and laws present within the work or finally , the effect of letarature upon its readers . Psychological approach mean the study of art is nothing but reflection of life or literature . The study of mental state of the author while creat the work of art [ Drama , Novel and Poetry ]

         Life likeness is observed with the help of psychological sarvey . The Author’s mind while crating the work of art .

              The Psychological approaches was developed by the Jarman Psychologist Sigmand Freud [ 1856 To 1939 ] The most significan in the see in his work the idea that most human mental activity is unconscious and the primary source of psychic energy [ libido ] is sexual . Freud divides the human mind schemantically in to three zones . 

     They are the Id  :- Unconscious

     The Ego  :- Conscious Personality

      Super Ego :- Conscience

       Id  :- Unconscious 

        Id is role by Libido – Id represent sexual argest and Desire . It work to satisfaction on of fullfeeling represent desire and constanty seek pleasure Freud calls it the pleasure principle .

The Id is

• ·        Unconscious
• ·        Dark
• ·        Primitud Original
• ·        Inaccessible part of mind
• ·        Unorganised

·        Don’t  follow the categcry of time and place

The Ego  :- Conscious Personality

The Ego work as in intermin between the id and external world The ego

·        Accessible mind

·        Orgenised

·        Follows the category time and place

·        Secondery part of mind

      Ego regulates and controls the drives of the Libido .  Balancing it against the demands of the external world . Freud called it is the reality principle

       Super Ego :- Conscience

              Super Ego work of a higher level than the ego . According to Freud as the child grows he / she becomes independants of his parents . Acuires cultural and moral idea and norms of behavior . These ideal norms of behavior are internalized and form the super Ego . The Super ego regulates the ego so that all behavior and conscious thought is in accordance with socital standard . Essentially the Super ego is the minds moral volue .

        Psychonalytic study deals with the linguist and symbolic paterns in the text and attempt to revel the subconscious motive behind the surface description literary work is interpreted as a substitute for the authorus unconscious desire and drides and the job of psychoanalytic critic is to explain this process or substitution . It is a systematic analysis of the human mind especially of the unconscious Sigmund Freud analysis of the human mind into three zones Id , The Ego and Super Ego as well as Oedipus complex are applied to factors like the author text , readers and characters to determine the workings of the unconscious behind the creative process .

         Sociological approach :-

             This types of Criticism examine literature in the cultural economic and political situation in which it is a written . The sociological critic is primarily interested in exploring the social milieu and the extend and manner in which the artist responds to it. This approach receives a recognition from the 18^th century with the emergence of novel as a literary form . In the 28^th century with the spreding of the ideas Karl Marx this approach became a scientific method of literary interpretation . According to Karl Marx the essence the nature and function of literature and art could be understood only by relating it to prevailing social conditions and by analyzing the social system as a wholey

          Karl Marx Marxist criticism is one of influential type of sociological criticism Marxist criticism focuses on the economic and political elements of art of ten emphasize the ideological content of literature because it argues that all art is political and it is frequently evaluative and judgemantal .

        Feminist Literary Criticism :-

        It is a socio moment for the freedom and equality of women that began in 18^th century Europ . It mines women’s Marginalized from different points of view like historical philosophical and psychological . It review the past and the preset literary work by women writers in the light of new feminist theories . The movement began in 1960 and grew into three wave . The 1^st phase is seen between 1830 to 1920 focusing on the women’s suffrage . Property rights and political candidacy . The second wave [ 1960 to 1980 ] focuses on reducing inequalities and official legal inequalities , Inequalities in family , the work place and the reproductive rise . The third wave feminism  [ 1990 to the present ] focuses on embrasing individualism and diversity .

Historical Approach :-

        VHistorical approach to literature is are of the oldest and important methods in literary criticism . Literary criticism from the very beginning has been historical in nature  in that criticism has always emphasized the relationship between history and literature . Literature crieat the knowledge of Historical period Historical approach to literary criticism has traditionally tried to accomplish three goals .

        First Historical approach to literary criticism is found most fruitful in clarifying certain aspects of the text . This could be by way of tracing the date of composition of a text or in some cases even tracing the author of anonymous text .

       Another goal of Historical approach to literary criticism has seen to sake the history of the author . This iinvolues the description of the author as an artist with a significant past and a predisposition to write in a certain menner . The authors life , his personal history is important to the meaning of any text .

         Historical approach to literary criticism also attempts to grasp a literary work as it reflects the historical forces that shaped it initially to underst and now a historical situation produced a particular literary work of art .

       Taine is the most eloquent proponent of the traditional historical approach to literary criticism . Taine’s approach to historical criticism defines literary interpretation on a genttic model as an explanation of how a work’s genesis in a historical situation brings into being a sistict aesthetic object.

New historicism refuses to see history as a mere background to literary texts .

Formalistic approach :-

         Formalistic approach deals with structural purposes of a particular text . It is the study of the text without talking about outside influence

       Formalism is a literary method that attempts to see a literary work as a form . The main thrust of Formalistic criticism is a call back to the work . The emergence of Formalistic approach in literary criticism can be seen as a reaction to teo ominant form in literary criticism the sociological and psychological approaches .

          T . S . Eliot has been as influential figure in the development of Formalistic criticism . He developed an impersonal theory of art and important on shows the high place of act rather than as an expression of social ethical and political idea . Formalistic approach to literature is that a literary work is a linguistic product and hence a proper explication of the language of the text can reveal its meaning

Thus what matter for the followers their approach is not the emotional or social content of a work .

There are two types or kinds of Formalistic approach

1.     Russian Formalism :

      In the Russian  Formalistic approach advocated a Scientific method for studying poetic language and exclusion of traditional psychological and cultural – Historical approaches .  They agreed on the autonomous nature of poetic language and its speaficity as ans object of study for literary criticism .

2.     New criticism / American :

A Formalistic movement in literary theory that dominated American literary criticism in the middle decades of the 20^th century .  It emphasized close reading of poetry .

        Russian Formalism considered the formal properties of literature as a means of achieving particular effects . But the new critic considered literature to be a self sustaining

Syllabus T.Y.B.A Syllabus in detail

Unit :- 1	Definition , Origin , Principle , Types of literary criticism and function of literary criticism ?
Unit :- 2	Short survey of literary criticism ? Critical approaches or Moment of literary criticism ?
Unit :- 2 Sub-Unit : A	Classical Criticism .   Plato    Plato charges against poetry .   Aristoteles   Aristotel's theory of imitation .
Unit :- 2 Sub-Unit : B	New classical criticism . 1 ]  Dr. Johnson's »  Dr. Johnson justification of Shakespeare intermingling of tragedy and comedy . 2 ]  Alexander Pope's »  Alexander pope view of wit and nature .
Unit :- 2 Sub-Unit : C	Romanticism 1 ] William Wordsworth's »  William Wordsworth's definition of Poem . 2 ] S . T . Coleridge »   S . T . Coleridge concept of fancy and imagination .
Unit :- 2 Sub-Unit : D	Victorian Criticism 1 ]  Mathew Arnold's » Mathew Arnold views about the function of criticism . 2 ]  Walter Patter's » Walter Patter concept of Art for Art sake .
Unit :- 3 Sub-Unit : A	Modernism 1 ] T . S . Eliot  » T . S . Eliot concept of tradition .  2 ]  I . A . Richard's  »   I . A . Richard four kinds of meaning .
Unit :- 3 Sub-Unit : B	New Criticism 1 ]  Allen Tate's »  Allen Tate's concept of tension . 2 ] Cleanth Brook's » Cleanth Brook notion of paradox as the structure of poetry .
Unit :- 3 Sub-Unit : C	Marksis Criticism 1 ] George Lukas's » George Lukas's concept of realism .
Unit :- 4	Literary Term's 1 ] Cathersis . 2 ] Plot . 3 ] Three Unities . 4 ] Classic . 5 ] Decorum and nature . 6 ] Diction . 7 ] Fancy and imagination . 8 ] Author . 9 ] Canon . 10 ] Style . 11 ] Subjective and objective .

 

Origin of literary Criticism

                                                       

       ORIGIN OF LITERARY CRITICISM ?

The origin of literary criticism may be traced back to ancient Greek culture and art . Literary criticism is the vast and veried field which covers a number of different activities . In its limited dende it  refers to the analysis and interpretation of test . In its wider application it is conserm with the nature and function of literature including scholarly interpretation , Evaluation Judgement priscriptive criticism , Literary History and literary theory .

The History of literary criticism has a large time span of more than two thousand years and it includes pioneering critics and their ideas as well as critical movements . The Origin of literary criticism may be traced back to ancient Greek culture and art . The Greek poetry of Homer and Hesiod provided the neccesory background and impetus to the growth of classical criticism . The Poetry of this ancient period was regarded to be both composer Greek philosopher Plato expressed his views about poetry and that was the earliest instance of literary criticism . His Decycle Aristotle in his poetics offered for the first time a well organized description of literary forms , Their nature and function . It set standard for criticism was often religious in its focus

In Succeding periods literary criticism either renewed the classical norms and notions like objectivity unity , Coherence order , grandure , nobility and Diction like neoclasism did . Romanticism challenged them in its insistence on subjectivity freedom from norms . Imagination and expression of emotions . In the Mordan period especially during 19^th century and 20^th century criticism developed in many different directions . Critic interested in the tradition , Historical , moral and biographical approaches revised the theoretical frame works of historical moral approaches and examined literary frame work . But new critic criticism moved away from these traditional frame work and became increasingly objective practical and texual which is the modern practidancy of literary criticism .

 

functions of literary criticism

  Explain the Nature and Function of Literary Criticism ?

                                                                                         

   What is the function of literary criticism ?

What is the nature of literary criticism ? Explain your opinions.

 

            It is very difficult to defined literary criticism one cannot may very simple and clear to definable criticism . Literary criticism is an opinion on a literary calculating books . It is the Art of Estimate | ˈestɪmət | qualities and characteristics of literary or Artistic work . It is Concerned | kənˈsərnd | with the function of a critic . In fact literary criticism is a journey of exploration into the nature literature's in all its variety .

        Literary criticism studied Prose , Poetry , Drama , Novel , Short story etc . But the last word never said in literary criticism . There are various types of criticism about one Particular | pə(r)ˈtikyələr |literary work and journey of Exploration | ˌekspləˈrāSHən |. Therefore the journey of literary criticism has no ending because there are more and more books , And critics available in are world . Every day number of books are published and there are people to study them . Thus the literary criticism is the art of Judging literature . Literature is interested in life and personality in one of the chief fact of life . The main object of literary criticism is Analysis | əˈnaləsis | , Interpretation | inˌtərpriˈtāSHən| , and Evaluation | ɪˌvaljʊˈeɪʃ(ə)n | of work of literary art . Literary criticism has two major function's to perform one of interpretation and other judgment | dʒʌdʒmənt | . The history of criticism shows that these two functions were combined till recent times .

 

» Interpretation | inˌtərpriˈtāSHən | :-

                    »  Analysis | əˈnaləsis | and interpretation means to understanding the literature it helps as to understand the Creative powers used by the writer . A majority of critics have used interpretation as a means to reach Judgment which they have thought to be the real end of criticism . These two functions have been separated in modern criticism as it interpretation or exposition .

Judgment :-

               Judgment means explain unfolding and informative these Aspect | æspekt |of the content of literary piece . Hare the primary concern | kənˈsɜ:n | of a literary critics is to know the books and to helps the reader know it . He need to pass any definite judgment upon is based on his own taste or any organized body of critical opinions . The history of criticism shows that this two function there combined till recent times . A majority of critics have used interpretation as means to reach a Judgment which they have thought to be the real criticism . These two function have been separated in modern criticism as it's maintained that the critic duty is not judgment but only Interpretation or exposition . In these way the chief function of literary criticism are evaluation , Interpretation , Explanation .